The
Environmental Protection Agency may have suppressed an internal report
that was skeptical of claims about global warming, including whether
carbon dioxide must be strictly regulated by the federal government,
according to a series of newly disclosed e-mail messages.
Less than two weeks before the agency formally submitted its pro-regulation recommendation to the White House, an EPA center director quashed a 98-page report
that warned against making hasty "decisions based on a scientific
hypothesis that does not appear to explain most of the available data."
The EPA official, Al McGartland, said in an e-mail message (PDF)
to a staff researcher on March 17: "The administrator and the
administration has decided to move forward...and your comments do not
help the legal or policy case for this decision."
The e-mail correspondence raises questions about political interference in what was supposed to be an independent review process inside a federal agency--and echoes criticisms of the EPA under the Bush administration, which was accused of suppressing a pro-climate change document.
Alan Carlin, the primary author of the 98-page EPA report, said
in a telephone interview on Friday that his boss, McGartland, was being
pressured himself. "It was his view that he either lost his job or he
got me working on something else," Carlin said. "That was obviously
coming from higher levels."
E-mail messages released this week show that Carlin was ordered
not to "have any direct communication" with anyone outside his small
group at EPA on the topic of climate change, and was informed that his
report would not be shared with the agency group working on the topic.
"I was told for probably the first time in I don't know how
many years exactly what I was to work on," said Carlin, a 38-year
veteran of the EPA. "And it was not to work on climate change." One
e-mail orders him to update a grants database instead.
For its part, the EPA sent an e-mailed statement saying:
"Claims that this individual's opinions were not considered or studied
are entirely false. This Administration and this EPA Administrator are
fully committed to openness, transparency, and science-based decision
making. These principles were reflected throughout the development of
the proposed endangerment finding, a process in which a broad array of
voices were heard and an inter-agency review was conducted." (The
endangerment finding is the EPA's decision that carbon dioxide
endangers the public health and welfare.)
Carlin has an undergraduate degree in physics from CalTech and a PhD in economics from MIT. His Web site
lists papers about the environment and public policy dating back to
1964, spanning topics from pollution control to
environmentally-responsible energy pricing.
After reviewing the scientific literature that the EPA is
relying on, Carlin said, he concluded that it was at least three years
out of date and did not reflect the latest research. "My personal view
is that there is not currently any reason to regulate (carbon
dioxide)," he said. "There may be in the future. But global
temperatures are roughly where they were in the mid-20th century.
They're not going up, and if anything they're going down."
Carlin's report listed a number of recent developments he said
the EPA did not consider, including that global temperatures have
declined for 11 years; that new research predicts Atlantic hurricanes
will be unaffected; that there's "little evidence" that Greenland is
shedding ice at expected levels; and that solar radiation has the
largest single effect on the earth's temperature.
If there is a need for the government to lower planetary
temperatures, Carlin believes, other mechanisms would be cheaper and
more effective than regulation of carbon dioxide. One paper he wrote says managing sea level rise or reducing solar radiation reaching the earth would be more cost-effective alternatives.
The EPA's possible suppression of Carlin's report, which lists the
EPA's John Davidson as a co-author, could endanger any carbon dioxide
regulations if they are eventually challenged in court.
"The big question is: there is this general rule that when an
agency puts something out for public evidence and comment, it's
supposed to have the evidence supporting it and the evidence the other
way," said Sam Kazman, general counsel of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a nonpartisan think tank in Washington, D.C., that has been skeptical of new laws or regulations relating to global warming.
Kazman's group obtained the documents--both CEI and Carlin say he was
not the source--and released the e-mails on Tuesday and the report on
Friday. As a result of the disclosure, CEI has asked the EPA to reopen
the comment period on the greenhouse gas regulatory proceeding, which
ended on Tuesday.
The EPA also said in its statement: "The individual in question
is not a scientist and was not part of the working group dealing with
this issue. Nevertheless, the document he submitted was reviewed by his
peers and agency scientists, and information from that report was
submitted by his manager to those responsible for developing the
proposed endangerment finding. In fact, some ideas from that document
are included and addressed in the endangerment finding."
That appears to conflict with an e-mail from McGartland in
March, who said to Carlin: "I decided not to forward your comments... I
can see only one impact of your comments given where we are in the
process, and that would be a very negative impact on our office." He
also wrote to Carlin: "Please do not have any direct communication with
anyone outside of (our group) on endangerment. There should be no
meetings, e-mails, written statements, phone calls, etc."
One reason why the process might have been highly charged
politically is the unusual speed of the regulatory process. Lisa
Jackson, the new EPA administrator, had said that she wanted her agency
to reach a decision about regulating carbon dioxide under the Clean Air
Act by April 2--the second anniversary of a related U.S. Supreme Court
decision.
"All this goes back to a decision at a higher level that this
was very urgent to get out, if possible, yesterday," Carlin said. "In
the case of an ordinary regulation, these things normally take a year
or two. In this case, it was a few weeks to get it out for public
comment." (Carlin said that he and other EPA staff members who were
asked to respond to a draft only had four and a half days to do so.)
In the last few days, Republicans have begun to raise questions
about the report and e-mail messages, but it was insufficient to derail
the so-called cap and trade bill from being approved by the U.S. House of Representatives.
Rep. Joe Barton, the senior Republican on the Energy and Commerce committee, invoked
Carlin's report in a floor speech during the debate on Friday. "The
science is not there to back it up," Barton said. "An EPA report that
has been suppressed...raises grave doubts about the endangerment
finding. If you don't have an endangerment finding, you don't need this
bill. We don't need this bill. And for some reason, the EPA saw fit not
to include that in its decision."
"I'm sure it was very inconvenient for the EPA to consider a study that
contradicted the findings it wanted to reach," Rep. James
Sensenbrenner, the senior Republican on the House Select Committee on
Energy Independence and Global Warming, said in a statement. "But the
EPA is supposed to reach its findings based on evidence, not on
political goals. The repression of this important study casts doubts on
the EPA's finding, and frankly, on other analysis the EPA has conducted
on climate issues."
The revelations could prove embarrassing to Jackson, the EPA administrator, who said
in January: "I will ensure the EPA's efforts to address the
environmental crises of today are rooted in three fundamental values:
science-based policies and programs, adherence to the rule of law, and
overwhelming transparency." Similarly, President Barack Obama claimed
that "the days of science taking a back seat to ideology are over... To
undermine scientific integrity is to undermine our democracy. It is
contrary to our way of life."
"All this talk from the president and (EPA administrator) Lisa
Jackson about integrity, transparency, and increased EPA protection for
whistleblowers--you've got a bouquet of ironies here," said Kazman, the
CEI attorney.